Glossary

Reviews in this category include intervention delivered in any healthcare setting (primary or secondary).

Reviews in this category include interventions aiming to change or impact the physical environment. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for the physical environment. 

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered to families, usually in their own homes.

Reviews in this category include interventions undertaken in secondary care settings (such as hospitals). Guidance in this category includes recommendations for implementation in secondary care settings. 

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in colleges or universities.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in the community.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in any workplace settings. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this setting.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in any educational setting from pre-school up to higher education. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for settings not categorised elsewhere in this map.

Interventions delivered in a setting which is not specifically identified as a setting of interest in the  map of interest.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in supported living accommodation or care homes

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in schools or preschools.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in prisons

Reviews in this category do not describe a specific setting.

Reviews in this category include interventions undertaken in primary care settings (such as GP surgeries). Guidance in this category includes recommendations for implementation in primary care settings. 

Reviews in this category focus on people from religious communities. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on men. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people diagnosed with a mental health condition of any kind. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people with a pre-existing physical health condition of any kind. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group. 

Reviews in this category include adolescents (aged 11-18). Guidelines in this category cover this age group. 

Reviews in this category focus on military or ex military populations. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category include studies on adults aged 18+. Guidelines in this category cover this age group

Reviews in this category include studies on children and adolescents (aged 0-18). Guidelines in this category cover this age group.

Reviews in this category focus on populations with a pre-existing health conditions (physical or mental). Guidelines in this category include recommendations for people with pre-existing health conditions. 

Reviews in this category focus on women. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on transgender populations. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who have not registered with a primary-care provider. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on asylum seekers. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group. 

Reviews in this category focus on pregnant or post-partum women. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on prisoners or ex prisoners. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on a particular occupational group. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for specific occupational groups.

Reviews in this category focus on people with a past history of suicide attempts or self harm. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people diagnosed with an interllectual disability. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic persons. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this group. 

Reviews in this category focuses on individuals who provide direct care i.e., social or physical support to an ill or ageing relative. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category include studies in adults aged 18-25. Guidelines in this category cover this age group.

Reviews in this category focus on the general population as a whole or specify no particular population inclusion criteria. Guidelines in this category cover the general population or are not specific to a certain population group. 

Reviews in this category focus on domestic violence victims or perpetrators. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focuses on individuals receiving medical care or treatment. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on Adults aged 65 and over. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this group. 

Reviews in thic category focus on a specific population group, but not categorised elsewhere in this map. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for specific population groups not categorised elsewhere in the map. 

Reviews in this category focus on men, including those who do not identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual, who engage in sexual activity with other men. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who misuse opioids, stimulants and cannabis in the healthcare and criminal justice systems. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on migrants. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people from non-English speaking families. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category include children less than 5 years of age. Guidelines in this category cover this age group. 

Reviews in this category focuses on individuals living with any condition or impairment that makes it more difficult to paricipate in or complete certain activities and or restricts interaction with the world around them. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on university students. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on young people leaving long-term care. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who have home visits for healthcare. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who are unable to leave their home environment through physical or psychological illness. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category do not describe a specific population.

Reviews in this category focus on people who reside in care homes. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on groups identified as being at higher risk of not receiving routine childhood vaccinations, such as young substance misusers, young offenders, new entrants (asylum seekers, gypsy, travellers), children with learning disabilities, young people with long-term care and pregnant or postpartum women with an alcohol or drug problem. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on those from the Gypsy, Roma and traveller communities. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category include children 5 years and over. Guidelines in this category cover this age group. 

Reviews in this category focuses on individuals who have parental responsibility for a child (as defined by the Children's Act 1989) and who will have a key role to play in planning and making decisions about their child's health and care, particularly when they are young. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who are homeless or sleep rough. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on children and young people aged up to 25. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this group. 

Reviews in this category focus on people bereaved or affected by suspected suicide. Guidelines in this category cover this population group. 

Reviews in this category focus on people with a current or previous history of substance misuse. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

designed to increase knowledge of suicide and help seeking

Interventions designed to restrict means to suicide (e.g. physical barriers, preventing access, reducing environmental hazards),

Prescribed drugs to help prevent / treat a condition. E.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilisers etc.

Interventions that aim to make physical changes to the environment as a way to try to alter a particular behaviour. 

Prescribed drugs to help prevent / treat a condition. E.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilisers etc.

Measures to alter or control the physical or social environment, or any course of action, programme or activity taken that is mandated by national or local authorities.

Interventions with multiple different components, but all applied at a selective level (focusing on subpopulations with an elevated risk).

Interventions delivered via media platforms such as mass media or social media. Generally content is not individualised.

Interventions offering an incentive as a way to change a particular behaviour. 

Interventions with multiple different components, but all applied at an indicated level (aimed at persons already known to be vulnerable to sucide and self-harm, or who have attempted suicide).

Interventions designed to equip people/professionals in particular settings to increase knowledge and skills, identify warning signs and refer to other services.

Interventions to raise awareness in the community, or specific settings, of the scale and impact of a subject, address common misconceptions & encourage help-seeking etc.

Developing plans with the media to promote guidance on best practice for media reporting of suicide.

Interventions with multiple different components, but all applied at a universal level (targeting the general population with coverage of the population as a whole).

Therapeutic interventions/treatments to produce change in psychological, social, biological and/or functional outcomes. Interventions might help people to improve their general coping skills, tackle specific problems, manage psychiatric disorders, improve self-esteem etc. Examples include cognitive behavioural therapy, dialetical behaviour therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy etc. 

Interventions to prevent a condition which include the use of natural therapies, methods or materials (e.g. dietary supplementation of Omega-3 fatty acids).

Educational teaching aiming to do things such as inform on a subject or provide awareness/information. For example: classroom based diadctic and experimental programmes or academic courses.

Interventions that do not fit into one of the other intervention categories included on the specific map of interest.

Interventions / strategies to help people reduce the risk and make it as safe as possible when self harming.

An immediate response, by one or more individuals, to the acute distress experienced by another individual designed to ensure safety and recovery and lasting no longer than a month. E.g. home based care with intensive case management and initial crisis intervention, joint crisis plans, advance treatment statements, contact with community mental health teams etc.

Interventions consisting of multiple components, targeted at different levels (universal, selective or indicated). For example: Multi-agency partnerships for preventing suicide.

Information and support provided to people as well as families/carers which could include explanatory and/or practical information.

Interventions to prevent a condition which include the use of natural therapies, methods or materials (e.g. dietary supplementation of Omega-3 fatty acids).

Handwritten plans to help individuals in crisis remember why they want to live and manage their stress more effectively, or to recognise triggers, identify coping strategies, provide contact details of help/support etc.

As alcohol misuse not only harms the individual drinker but may also effect the health and wellbeing of their wider family, this category includes interventions such as:  support to families of those with alcohol misuse disorders, support for pregnant women to reduce drinking etc. 

Interventions involving bodily movement (including during leisure time) that result in energy expenditure which may be tailored to an individuals needs. This could include movement such as through sport, dance, Tai Chi Qigong, walking, stretching, weights and group exercise.

Bupropion (brand name Zyban) is a medicine originally used to treat depression, but it has since been found to help people quit smoking.

Theraputic interventions/treatments to produce change in psychological, social, biological and/or functional outcomes. Interventions might help people to improve their general coping skills, tackle specific problems, manage psychiatric disorders, improve self-esteem etc. Examples include cognitive behavioural therapy, dialetical behaviour therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy etc. 

Interventions designed to restrict means to suicide (e.g. physical barriers, preventing access, reducing environmental hazards),

Interventions designed to equip people/professionals in particular settings to increase knowledge and skills, identify warning signs and refer to other services.

Interventions to raise awareness in the community, or specific settings, of the scale and impact of a subject, address common misconceptions & encourage help-seeking etc.

National Campaigns aiming to promote a certain behaviour change (e.g. to increase childrens physical activity).

Interventions to promote active travel or transport options, or to increase rates of active travel. 

Behaviour change interventions such as those that may aim to raise awareness of harmful drinking and help individuals to make changes to their drinking habits. 

Coordinated sets of activities designed to change specified behaviour patterns.

Advice or guidance given to an individual around behaviour change or lifestyle modification. Could include signposting to relevant services. 

Physical activity interventions consisting of multiple separate components. For example, an exercise programme, plus advice and guidance, plus a media campaign. 

Interventions / programmes accessed or delivered via technology platforms (e.g. computers, smartphones, virtual reality, wearables). Intervention content can be generic or individualised/tailored.

Smoke free policies or legislation, implemented universally or in certain settings. For example, banning smoking in public spaces. 

"A local whole systems approach responds to complexity through an ongoing, dynamic and flexible way of working. It enables local stakeholders, including communities, to come together, share an understanding of the reality of the challenge, consider how the local system is operating and where there are the greatest opportunities for change. Stakeholders agree actions and decide as a network how to work together in an integrated way to bring about sustainable, long term systems change" (PHE Definition, 2019)

Interventions that provide incentives to patients to get vaccinated, such as monetary or non-monetary rewards

Interventions that provide incentives to those who administer vaccinations, such as a payment per patient vaccinated

Interventions that include any act of giving time (unpaid) to help an organisation, community or individual with the aim of sharing expertise, skills, experience or providing a positive benefit.

Interventions incorporating leisure activities such as music, crafts, cooking, singing, cultural programmes etc. for entertainment and recreational purposes.

Interventions that provide opportunities for increased support to an individual through social ties to other individuals, groups, and the larger community

Interventions that provide service users with details of organisations or agencies that may be able to provide assistance.

Interventions that provide reminders to those who administer vaccinations that individual patients are due for specific vaccinations

Interventions that provide reminder or recall services to patients to get vaccinated

Interventions that aim to improve an individual's ability to access, understand, appraise and apply health information in order to make sound health decisions about vaccination

More than one element from any of the other categories

Theraputic interventions/treatments to produce change in psychological, social, biological and/or functional outcomes. Interventions might help people to improve their general coping skills, tackle specific problems, manage psychiatric disorders, improve self-esteem etc. Examples include cognitive behavioural therapy, dialetical behaviour therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy etc. 

Interventions that aim to increase providers' knowledge or change their attitudes about vaccinations

Interventions that aim to improve patient access to vaccinations, such as home visits

Interventions that provide reminders or recall services to patients and providers for upcoming vaccinations.

Educational teaching aiming to do things such as inform on a subject or provide awareness/information. For example: classroom based diadctic and experimental programmes or academic courses.

Safe and supportive environment interventions may include things such as: enacting appropriate policies in key settings (schools, workplaces etc), partnership working to prevent alcohol related harm within communities and interventions to reduce the numbers of people drinking and driving. 

Interventions to change peoples general attitude to drinking or change social norms around alcohol use. For example, this could include things such as: interventions to help people undertand the risk and impact of alcohol related harm, alcohol education in school curriculums and regulating the alcohol marketing industry. 

Reducing the availability of alcohol via legislation, policies, programmes or interventions such as those which may reduce the density of outlets selling alcohol, limit alcohol outlet selling hours or enact a minimum age for alcohol purchase etc. 

Interventions to reduce the affordability of alcohol (as affordability influences consumption), such as taxation. 

Therapies which include, but are not limited to: incentives, peer support and social support

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy that can help poeple manage problems by changing the way they think and behave.

Unconventional smoking cessation aids, including but not limited to: acupuncture, exercise, the Allen Carr method, hypnosis, and herbal remedies. The NHS does not suggest or recommend hypnosis or acupuncture as there's not enough evidence they help with smoking cessation.

Electronic nicotine and non-nicotine delivery systems (‎EN&NNDS)‎ are a heterogeneous class of products that use an electrically powered coil to heat and turn a liquid into an aerosol, which is inhaled by the user.

Self-help therapies are psychological therapies that can be undertaken in a person's own time to help with problems like stress, anxiety and depression.

Motivational interviewing is an evidence-based psychological intervention. It supports a person to explore and resolve their uncertainty about change and helps establish a therapeutic relationship.

Behavioural therapies which could be brief (such as brief advice) or more intensive (such as multiple counselling sessions). Interventions could be general or tailored to specific individuals. Behavioural therapies may be underpinned by theoretical frameworks to help them achieve their aims.

Drug-based smoking cessation therapies, including but not limited to: cytisine, clozapine, fluoxetine, galantamine, naltrexone and nortriptyline.

Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) is a medicine that provides people with a low level of nicotine, without the tar, carbon monoxide and other poisonous chemicals present in tobacco smoke. It can help reduce unpleasant withdrawal effects, such as bad moods and cravings, which may occur when stopping smoking.

Varenicline (also known as Champix) is a medicine that can help stop smoking. It was only available on prescription. It reduces the cravings for nicotine and helps with the withdrawal symptoms people get when stopping smoking.

Varenicline is not currently available in the UK or Europe. It has been withdrawn as a precaution, because of an impurity found in the medicine. It may be unavailable long-term. It's not yet known whether it will be available again in future.

Universal smoking cessation interventions are targeted towards or available to the general population. This includes pharmacist-led interventions, quit lines and mass media campaigns. It could also include social support interventions, if delivered or available universally.

Active follow-up care following emergency department visit for a suicide attempt. This could include things such as text message or home visit follow-up and could occur at various time points. 

Participants who have stopped smoking post-intervention.

Participants intention to start smoking post-intervention.

Numbers of participants who have started to smoke post-intervention.

Changes to the overall rates of people smoking across a population.

The act or instance of taking ones own life voluntarily and intentionally.

Deliberate injury to oneself.

Change to an individuals smoking status (E.g previous smoker now quit, or previous non-smoker now smoking).

The review includes change in the prevalence of substance misuse disorders as an outcome of interest.

The review includes a measure of change in drug or alcohol consumption as an outcome of interest.

The review includes a measure of uptake of drugs or alcohol as an outcome of interest.

Changes in numbers of cigarettes participants smoked per day.

Changes in participants levels of physical activity.

Changes in participants levels of active travel, including uptake of active travel options post-intervention.

Any change in loneliness measured using a validated scale (e.g. UCLA loneliness scale).

Improved access to support provided through social ties to other individuals, groups, and the larger community

Improved participation in society through enhancing opportunities, access to resources, voice and respect for rights.

The number of people who have received a vaccination

Cost of the intervention

The review includes response to a vaccine which is noxious and unintended as an outcome of interest.

Whether an individual is willing to quit smoking.

Any decrease or increase in vaccination rates

The review includes change in parent or patient attitudes, perceptions and beliefs as an outcome of interest.

The review includes service provision or process outcomes of the health services provided as an outcome of interest

The review includes patient satisfaction as outcome of interest.

The review includes outcomes that do not fit into one of the other outcome categories included on the specific map of interest.

A quit attempt is defined as planned if smokers set a quit date at some future time point. An unplanned quit attempt is defined as a sudden decision not to smoke any more cigarettes including those that might be remaining in the current pack.

Preventing resumption of smoking after successful smoking cessation and abstinence.